Letters Of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), Sent To Various Rulers

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Letters along with the emissaries of Prophet Muhammad ï·º  that were sent to various heads of the states.

We will discuss the letters and emassaries the Prophet PBUH sent to various rules after Khaybar. Note these letters were not sent all at the same time. Rather there are various letters that have sent - some scholars have documented over 25 letters the Prophet PBUH sent. And indeed each letter is not worth an entire lecture in and of itself, therefore typically scholars have dedicated one chapter roughly after Khaybar on all the letters Prophet Muhammad PBUH sent - but keeping in mind these letters were sent at different times to various rulers. The main thing is what lessons we can draw from the letters. It was after Hudaybiyya and most likely it was before Khaybar the letters began.

The first letter was sent to Najashi.

The first letter was the letter to Najashi. Prophet Muhammad PBUH sent him a letter around this time. This is not to be confused with Ja'fars dialouge. That happened over 10 years ago. The letter most likely came when Ja'far left Absyinnia.
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And the Prophet PBUH sent him a letter and told him from 'Muhammad ibn Abdullah' to 'Najashi the emporer'. And Prophet Muhammad PBUH informed him the islamic belief about Isa AS - "I believe Isa AS is the messenger of Allah, his ruh". And he said "accept Islam and you will be safe" and he concluded the letter with a verse from Surah al-Imran.
Oh people of the book come to terms that are common between us i.e. we worship Allah alone. 
And this was clearly the most successful of all his letters because as we know he accepted Islam. There is some ambiguity as to when he accepted Islam. Many assume it was when Ja'far gave him dawah. But the fact is if he embraced Islam back then, why would the Prophet PBUH send him a letter now 10 years later after Hudaibiyya. Thus it seems to be the case that Najashi was open and interested to Islam but not fully a Muslim. And it's also interesting that at the end of the letter to Najashi the Prophet PBUH did not write a threat that "if you don't accept all of your people their sins will be on you". Whereas in the letter to the emporer of Rome and Persia both of them got this dire warning. That "if you don't accept you will carry the burden of all your people". Why? Because the Prophet PBUH most likely knew he was very close to Islam anyway.
According to At Thabari, Najashi sent his own son, Arha ibn Ashama with 60 other delegates (Najashi is only a title, his name was Ashama) to Madinah to give Prophet PBUH gifts and announce Islam. And he said "if you want I will come to Madinah". But according to At Thabari, the boats drowned and this delegation never arrived. 2.5 years later when Najashi passed away, the Prophet PBUH announced to the sahaba "your brother has died in Abyssinia and let us pray janazah for him". SO the one and only time janazah was prayed without a body being present was for Najashi. When can it be prayed? When a person dies and nobody prays janazah when they died in their own lands.

The actual letter of Prophet Muhammad sent to Negus reported by ibn al Qiyyam:


In the Name of Allah, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful.
From Muhammad the Messenger of Allah to Negus, king of Abyssinia (Ethiopia).

Peace be upon him who follows true guidance. Salutations:

I entertain Allah’s praise, there is no God but He, the Sovereign, the Holy, the Source of peace, the Giver of peace, the Guardian of faith, the Preserver of safety. I bear witness that Jesus, the son of Mary, is the spirit of Allah and His Word which He cast into Mary, the virgin, the good, the pure, so that she conceived Jesus. Allah created him from His spirit and His breathing as He created Adam by His Hand. I call you to Allah Alone with no associate and to His obedience and to follow me and to believe in that which came to me, for I am the Messenger of Allah. I invite you and your men to Allah, the Glorious, the All-Mighty. I hereby bear witness that I have communicated my message and advice. I invite you to listen and accept my advice.

Peace be upon him who follows true guidance.
 

Prophet Muhammad's second letter to Ceaser.

The second most famous letter is that to Ceaser, the emporer of Rome. This letter is in Bhukari and Muslim - fully authentic. Who is the ceaser of the Prophet PBUH's time? It was Heraclius who reigned from 610 to 641CE. He was the emporer of Rome and he was by and large viewed in a favourable light by both Muslims and Non-Muslims historians. He has a glorious reign and is credited with major victories especially against the persians, the sassanids. Of course Surah Rome predicted this as we discussed during Badr. That the romans suffered a great defeat at the hands of the persians: the roman emperor Kusra had launched an attack against the Romans which lasted 15-20 years. With this he managed to conquer most of Iraq, Syria and even Damascus and Jerusalem. So the persians conquered Damascus and all these lands, including parts of Egypt. And it seemed the Roman empire was on it lasts legs, but then Allah reveal Surah Rome Verse No. 1 that "in a FEW years the Romans will gain the upper hand". When this verse came down they were on the brink of extinction, but Heraclius regrouped his troops, regained all of these lands right up until 628CE - he reached the capital of the Sassanid empire, Tesafan. And eventually Kusra has to flee from his life; he dies a few days later and Kusra's son takes over. And he died 27th Feb 628CE, the 7th year of the Hijrah. This is all happening when  Prophet Muhammad PBUH is alive.

So Heraclius was a scholar of Christianity. And Christian scholars mention many sources which back this up. The most famous issue of theology was that he tried to unify the two major factions of Christianity of his time: the Monophysites and Dyophysites. This was 1500 years ago. And Ceaser tried to combine both strands of Christianity, and in doing so he brought forth a new theology that was in between the two. He tried to comprimise to allow both groups to unite. But he clearly was not a skilled theologian since there is NO comprimise when it comes to theology. So his new theology was not accepted by either group. And the whole issue was over 'Jesus Christ is he man or God'? And this was the primary question for the first 400-500 years after Isa AS 'died'. So Heraclius tried to bring forth a new theology and it lasted for a while but died away.

As for the letter of Propeht Muhammad ï·º to Heraclius it's mentioned in a lot of detail. The Prophet PBUH sent Dihya to Bosra (where the Quraysh would go to trade). So Prophet Muhammad ï·º sent a letter to the governor of Bosra so that he would send it to the Ceaser. And it so happened Heraclius was visiting Jerusalem at the time anyway. So Prophet Muhammad ï·º sent a letter through Bosra and because Ceaser was in Jerusalem which is close by, it arrived to him quickly. And here we begin the narration that Abu Suffyan narrates in Bhukari the conversation between Abu Suffyan and Heraclius. We went over this in detail before. Abu Suffyan narrates he was trading in Syria in Bosra when a carrier comes out and says "you are being called to Jerusalem". He dosen't know what is going on but lo and behold he is being called to the presence of the emporer himself. And this is an amazing story. Abu Suffyan, from Quraysh, is standing in the palace of Ceaser in front of Ceaser himself. And Ceaser calls his delegates, an Arab translator and then poses questions to Abu Suffyan. And Abu Suffyan is there with his group as well. So Heraclius asks all the Arabs present: "who is the closest to you to this man claiming to be a Prophet?" So Abu Suffyan says "I am". So Heraclius says "sit in front of me". This is amazing - it shows us his wisdom. He knows these people are enemies and are still pagan. So how do you extract information from an enemy and know it is the truth? Look at Heraclius tactics - he used them against themself. He divided the group between Abu Suffyan in the front, and the rest of his colleagues at the back. He says to Abu Suffyan "I will ask you questions" and he says to the group behind him "If he lies, motion to me". So Abu Suffyan was forced to tell the whole truth. He knows if he lies someone will snitch on him. So he said "walahi had it not been I would have been accused as a liar I would have lied". Note he's still a pagan.

So Heraclius asks 'What is his family status amongst you?'

Abu Suffyan replied, 'He belongs to a good (noble) family amongst us.'
Heraclius further asked, 'Has anybody amongst you ever claimed the same (i.e. to be a Prophet) before him?'
Abu Suffyan replied, 'No.'
He said, 'Was anybody amongst his ancestors a king?'
Abu Suffyan replied, 'No.'
Heraclius asked, 'Do the nobles or the poor follow him?'

Abu Suffyan replied, 'It is the poor who follow him.'

He said, 'Are his followers increasing decreasing (day by day)?'

Abu Suffyan replied, 'They are increasing.'

He then asked, 'Does anybody amongst those who embrace his religion become displeased and renounce the religion afterwards?'

Abu Suffyan replied, 'No.'

Heraclius said, 'Have you ever accused him of telling lies before his claim (to be a Prophet)?'

Abu Suffyan replied, 'No. '

Heraclius said, 'Does he break his promises?'

Abu Suffyan replied, 'No. We are at truce with him but we do not know what he will do in it.' And Abu Suffyan said "I could not find opportunity to say anything against the prophet PBUH except that".

Heraclius asked, 'Have you ever had a war with him?'

Abu Suffyan replied, 'Yes.'

Then he said, 'What was the outcome of the battles?'

Abu Suffyan replied, 'Sometimes he was victorious and sometimes we.'

Heraclius said, 'What does he order you to do?'

Abu Suffyan said, 'He tells us to worship Allah and Allah alone and not to worship anything along with Him, and to renounce all that our ancestors had said. He orders us to pray, to speak the truth, to be chaste and to keep good relations with our Kith and kin.'

Heraclius then explained all of his questions:"I asked you about his family and your reply was that he belonged to a very noble family. In fact all the Apostles come from noble families amongst their respective peoples. I questioned you whether anybody else amongst you claimed such a thing, your reply was in the negative. If the answer had been in the affirmative, I would have thought that this man was following the previous man's statement. Then I asked you whether anyone of his ancestors was a king. Your reply was in the negative, and if it had been in the affirmative, I would have thought that this man wanted to take back his ancestral kingdom." I further asked whether he was ever accused of telling lies before he said what he said, and your reply was in the negative. So I wondered how a person who does not tell a lie about others (or gold or silver) could ever tell a lie about Allah." 
Note Heraclius himself is giving dawah to Abu Suffyan. It's amazing. He contiues: "I, then asked you whether the rich people followed him or the poor. You replied that it was the poor who followed him. And in fact all the Apostle have been followed by this very class of people." And again this is a given - anything that attracts the elite something is wrong with it. The truth is accepted by those who have nothing whereas the rich have the most to lose.

He continues "Then I asked you whether his followers were increasing or decreasing. You replied that they were increasing, and in fact this is the way of true faith, till it is complete in all respects. I further asked you whether there was anybody, who, after embracing his religion, became displeased and discarded his religion. Your reply was in the negative, and in fact this is (the sign of) true faith, when its delight enters the hearts and mixes with them completely. I asked you whether he had ever betrayed. You replied in the negative and likewise the Apostles never betray. Then I asked you what he ordered you to do. You replied that he ordered you to worship Allah and Allah alone and not to worship any thing along with Him and forbade you to worship idols and ordered you to pray, to speak the truth and to be chaste. If what you have said is true, he will very soon occupy this place underneath my feet and I knew it (from the scriptures) that he was going to appear but I did not know that he would be from you (Arabs)". SubhanAllah they were expecting a final Prophet but not from the Arabs. And he continues "if I could reach him definitely, I would go immediately to meet him and if I were with him, I would certainly wash his feet.' Heraclius then asked for the letter addressed by Allah's Apostle.

The letter of Prophet Muhammad ï·º for Ceaser reported by At-Tabari:


In the name of God the Beneficent, the Merciful: 
From Muhammad, son of Abdullah to Heraclius the Great of the Romans. 

Peace be upon him, he who follows the right path. 
Furthermore I invite you to submit your will to God; submit your will to God and you will be safe, and God will double your reward, and if you reject, you bear the sins of persecuting Greeks.

'And people of the scripture! Come to a word common to you and us that we worship none but God and that we associate nothing in worship with Him, and that none of us shall take others as Lords beside God. Then, if they turn away, say: Bear witness that we are Muslims.

Abu Sufyan then added, "When Heraclius had finished his speech and had read the letter, there was a great hue and cry in the Royal Court. So we were turned out of the court. I told my companions that 'the question of Ibn-Abi-Kabsha) (a derogatory term for the Prophet Muhammad) has become so prominent that even the King of Bani Al-Asfar (Byzantine) is afraid of him'. Then I started to become sure that he (the Prophet) would be the conqueror in the near future till I embraced Islam (i.e. Allah guided him to Islam)." So this was the first time Islam firmly entered his heart in the palace of the Ceaser. He realised it must be the truth. And there is no question he converted right at the end, so as Allah says those who converted at the end after the conquest are not the same as those before. We also learn the Prophet PBUH sent a letter to the Ceaser during the battle of Tabuq. Most likely it was a seperate letter and it could be the same but we are note sure. And it's mentioned in Musnad Ahmed (not Bhukari) that Heraclius responded back to this letter by sending an emmisary to Prophet Muhammad ï·º. He found an Arab from the tribe of Tanuq. We don't know his name, but he is called 'the one from Tanuq'. And in seerah literature it's called 'the hadeeth of the tanuqi'. He handed a letter to him and said "I am actually sending you as a spy. I want you to monitor three things:

1. Does he mention the letters that he sends to me and the other kings?

2. Does he mention the night when my letter will be read to him - see what his response is.

3. See if he has something strange on his back (seal of the Prophets).

So the Tanuqi came to the prophet PBUH; Prophet Muhammad ï·º asked him "who are you", he ssid "I am from Tanuq and the ceaser has sent me". And the Prophet  ï·º said "You should embrace the religion of your forefather Abraham and become a Muslim". And the man said "I'll think about it and here is a letter from Ceaser". So the Prophet Muhammad ï·º did not even open the letter and he just had a conversation with the Tanuqi. And the Tanuqi reports that the Prophet PBUH said "I sent my letter to Kisra the emporer of Persia but he tore it up so Allah will tear his kingdom up. And I sent my letter to Ceaser and he protected it so Allah will protect his kingdom". So this is check one (first point). Then Prophet Muhammad ï·º opened up the letter and in it the Ceaser asked a question: "Your messenger tolds us your book mentions a Jannah as broad as the skies and Earth. So where is Jahannam?" And the Prophet PBUH responded "SubhanAllah you are asking Allah to outwit him? Where do you think the night goes when the day comes?" So he responded with 'layl' i.e. night so this was check two. Then the Tanuqi stayed a day or two waiting to see if he could look at the back of Prophet Muhammad ï·º; finally he says "Ok I'll go back and tell the Ceaser I saw two of the three signs" so he went to the Prophet PBUH he said "Oh Muhammad I will now go back to the ceaser and I'm leaving now". So Prophet Muhammad ï·º said "wait" turned around, lowered his shirt and said "go and tell your ceaser what you have seen". So the man returned with all three checks.

From the western tradition, they do not mention any of these letters much less the details of the three signs etc. But we learn the Ceaser realised this is true and Prophet Muhammad ï·º is a true prophet. Bhukari returns to the narration of the Ceaser. Note Bhukari does not mention the story of the Tanuqi. Bhukari has two stories: the first is with Abu Suffyan, then the Tanuqi incident happens, and now this is the second story. And it goes as follow: Heraclius was the head of the Christians of Rome. And one of the narrators mentions when he woke up one day, he woke in an angry/sad mood. One of the priests asked him "why are you in such a mood?" Heraclius said "I've seen a dream and my astrologers foretold a very evil sign. That is, a leader has appeared of a new people and these people circumcise themselves". So they said "what is there to worry about? The only group who practice circumcision are the jews. And go and send another command and irritiate them (of course anti semitism has always existed among christianity)" i.e. clamp them down. Before Ceaser could inact such a rule, Dihya al Kalbi arrived in his court with a message from the prophet PBUH. And Heraclius said "go check is Dihya circumcised or not". Now the arabs by and large did not circumcise themselves. This only began in Islam. Some of them did, some of them didn't but it certainly was not a custom. And so Dihya was examined and lo and behold he is circumcised. After seeing this Heraclius got concerned so he wrote a letter to his friend (most likely) John IV - and Bhukari does not mention but one theory is it is this man who writes the three signs to Heraclius. That these three signs "go test the prophet with these three signs". Then Heraclius sends the Tanuqi with these three signs, and he comes back and all three are checked. So he realises this is a true prophet.
Now Bhukari continues: when the Tanuqi came back, he called all the senators and says to them "what do you think if I embrace Muhammads faith". They start revolting and say "there's no way you will be our emperor etc" but Heraclius says "I was just testing you I will never leave Christianity". And so he dies a  Christian pagan, and in fact he dies a miserable death in the middle of a coup. He was alive when the Muslim conquers Jerusalem - in less than 7 years these massive empires were literally conquered by bedouins from the desert. He is speaking from Jerusalem in control of an empire that stretches for 300 miles, yet he says to Abu Suffyan "if you are saying the truth, he will control the land beneath my feet" and it happened as he said within 7 years. He sees the carving up of the Roman empire. So this is Ceaser.

Muhammad ï·º's letter to emperor of Persia.

How about the emperor of Persia? His name was Khosrau. And he had a title of 'A-Parwez' referred to as A-Parvez in our times (this is where the pakistani name 'Parvez' comes from). And this Khosrau reigned from 590 to 628 and he was the last of the great sassanid kings. After him the sassanid empire never regained its glory. He was the final 'great' emperor. After having conquered Damascus, Jerusalem, half of Egypt etc., he saw his entire empire crumble before his very eyes and within less than a decade the Sassanid empire was wiped off the face of Earth as if it never existed. And there's no question this is an amazing event in human history; this mightly civilisation and empire which threatened to extinct Rome literally dissapears within a few years. And it embraces Islam fully so much so Zoroastrianism is no longer practiced. Historians by and large have painted him as a very cruel, lustful, sensual emperor. Books mention he had 3000 concubines, and people hated him for his cruelty. And Prophet Muhammad ï·º sent him a letter through the ruler of Bahrain. Now Bahrain at the time of the Prophet ï·º wasn't just an island. So Prophet Muhammad ï·º sent Abdullah bin Hudhafa As-Sahmi to the ruler of Bahrain to pass on to Khosrau.

At Tabari mentions the context of the letter:


In the Name of Allâh, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful.

From Muhammad, the Messenger of Allâh to Chosroes, king of Persia.

Peace be upon him who follows true guidance, believes in Allah and His Messenger and testifies that there is no god but Allah Alone with no associate, and that Muhammad is His slave and Messenger. I invite you to accept the religion and call of Allah. I am the Messenger of Allah sent to all people in order that I may infuse fear of Allah in every living person, and that the charge may be proved against those who reject the Truth. Accept Islam as your religion so that you may live in security, otherwise, you will be responsible for all the sins of the Magians.


Now Khosrau was very arrogant and he mocked the letter, scoffed at it and tore up the letter in front of Abdhullah bin Hudhafa. When the news reached back to Prophet Muhammad ï·º, the Prophet PBUH said "He tore up my letter? Allah will tear his kingdom up every tearing". It's an extra emphasis and indeed this is what happened. The emperor sent a message to one of his governers by the name of Bathaan - he was a governer of a city more towards Yemen. So he said to Bathaan "send some spies to Madinah and find out more informaton about this man. If you are able to bring him back physically then do so". So Bathaan chose two of his trusted emessaries and they went to Madinah with a letter - this was just a ruse, the main mission was to get information about Prophet Muhammad ï·º and Islam. And when they arrived in Madinah they were terrified and the Prophet PBUH said "wait and come back to me the next day". The next day they came and they brought the letter again - the Prophet PBUH didn't even open it. Rather he said "go back to your rub (Bathaan)". Note they called their emperors 'Lord' i.e. rub. So Prophet Muhammad PBUH said "go back to your rub and tell him my rub has killed his rub (i.e. Khosrau) and that his son has taken over". Now the two were completely in shock and they went back to Bathaan. By the time they got back, they discovered the news Khosrau had fled and his son had executed a coup d'etat, and his son sent an army to imprison his own father. In the meantime his son made a truce with the Romans so they didn't attack; and thus Khosrau's own son killed him a cruel death. Western sources say this happened 28th Feb 628CE. And this corresponds exactly with when this happened in the seerah. That is Jumadal Ula 7AH. For those who deny the seerah or hadith, you cannot fabricate this stuff. It's impossible to pinpoint such a thing. And as the Prophet PBUH predicted, Allah obliterated the Persian empire within a few years. And such an implosion has never before occured. Such a huge empire is destroyed. For 350 years the Romans and Persians were at war but none of them vanished. Within 10 years of the Muslims coming the Persian empire was destroyed.

What happened to Bathaan? He embraced Islam after realising what Prophet Muhammad ï·º predicted came true, as did the two emissaries who he sent to the Prophet PBUH. The Prophet PBUH then sent them another letter and told them about the rules of jizia. That if anyone accepts Islam they are apart of the believers; if not then let them pay the jizia.

Letter Of Muhammad ï·º for Vicegerent of Egypt.

There were other letters written. Of the most famous is the letter to the Muqawqis of Egypt, Jurayj ibn Mina, and it's reported this was the letter:


"To Muqawqis, Vicegerent of Egypt.

Peace be on him who has taken the right course.

Thereafter, I invite you to accept Islam. Therefore, if you want security, accept Islam. If you accept Islam, God, the Sublime, shall reward you doubly. But if you refuse to do so, responsibility about the Blood of the Arians shall be yours.

O people of the Book! Leaving aside all matters of difference and dispute, agree on a matter which is equally consistent between you and us and it is that we should not worship anyone except God and that we should neither associate anyone with Him, nor make anyone else as our god.

If you refuse it, you must know that we, in all circumstances, believe in Oneness of God.

Seal: God's Prophet Muhammad.


And Muqawqis was polite: he sent back gifts, cloth and dul-dul which was to become the mule of Prophet Muhammad ï·º. And he sent back Maria and the Prophet PBUH is said to have remarked: "the kabeeth has protected his kingdom (by his politeness), but Allah will not allow his kingdom to last".

And the Prophet Muhammad ï·º also sent many other letters; notably to Umaan after the conquest of Mecca and they actually accepted Islam. He also sent letters to other provinces; scholars have listed over 20 letters. One of them being to Musaylama al Khazab i.e. the Banu Hanifah. And they said "we will embrace Islam only if you share the power with us". But the Prophet PBUH responded "Power and this Earth only belongs to Allah".


Benefits of the letters.

1. Most of these letters did not have major signifcant impacts. Even Najashi - only he embraced Islam, his people didn't. But there is the clear intention to make the message of Islam a global message. And it's amazing within one decade, every single land he wrote a letter to was a land of Islam. It's an amazing reality. So what's happening is the Prophet Muhammad PBUH is making the Islamic empire an international empire and nation. It's worthy of dialogue with Ceaser, Najashi, Khosrau etc.

2. Let us notice whom he did not send letters to. There were civilisations beyond Perisia, Rome, Absyinnia etc. There is Africa, China etc. Why didn't Prophet Muhammad ï·º send them any letters? Simple - there is no direct contact with them.

3. Clearly, the response of the rulers have some type of theological weight for us. The Prophet PBUH sent to Khosrau "he tore my letter up, Allah will tear his kingdom up".

4. Look at the letters themselves: each letter is very short, succinct, to the point. It's one paragraph. Each begins with 'Bismillah'. Each begins 'From so and so TO so and so". This is an ettiquite people use today. And each explains the message of Islam is 4-5 sentences. Simple and to the point.

5. Notice as well each letter is catered to the one being written to. They aren't the same. The one written to Najashi is different to that of Ceaser. It has the verse of Al-Imraan in it. But the letter to Khosrau dosen't have this verse. Why? He isn't among the people of the Book. In Najashi's case the Prophet PBUH explains Islamic theology regarding Isa AS.

6. Also, when Prophet Muhammad ï·º wrote his first letter, he was told "the emperors do not accept letters from other rulers unless the ruler himself stamps it and seals it with wax". So you have to seal a letter with wax to make it clear no one has read it. So the Prophet PBUH was told these are the international laws. What did he do? Made a ring and sealed the letters with wax. This is simple evidence to show there is nothing haraam about imitating the norms of culture and western customs. Islamic culture by and large is not 'Islamic' i.e. dialogues, clothes, cuisine etc is all open - you follow what society is doing. Notice as well Prophet Muhammad PBUH addresses the rulers with their highest names and this was also apart of the ettiquite.

7. One fiqh point: the Prophet PBUH said 'take jizia from the mijus'. This creates controversy: two madhabs have said jizia can only be taken from the people of the book i.e. Jews and Christians. Whereas Hanafi and Maliki believe it can be taken from anybody. The evidence shows this position is the stronger one. Mijus are not among the people of the book yet the Prophet PBUH tells the ruler jizia should be taken from them.

8. Final point: recall the prophet PBUH said to Ceaser 'if you reject the sins of the arisiyoon will be on you'. Now, term 'arisiyoon' is not an arabic word. So people struggled what did prophet Muhammad ï·º mean by this? In our times, a famous scholar from India, Al Nadawi, says "arisiyoon means the followers of Aris, and Aris is the followers of Arias, and Arias is an infamous christian theologian who died 336CE". And Arias preached a very different version of Christianity that lines up far closer with Islam. The Arias heresy became so widespread when Constantine embraced Christianity he gathered a council in Narseea. And in Narseea, in the year 325CE they debated for weeks and came forth on a creed. The main point of the creed was refuting Arias. And the 'Arias heresy' was made official that all people who followed him were exiled. And in the creed it's said "anyone who has the books of Arias shall be burned and killed". So the writings of Arias are non existant now. Clearly his teachings are closer to Islam. The fact that the Prophet PBUH is writing 2.5 centuries later, referring to Christians as 'arisiyoon'. This seems to be correct, why? Because to Khosrau the Prophet PBUH said 'if you reject the sins of the majus will be on you'. And he said to Ceaser 'if you reject the sins of the arisiyoon will be on you'. So it's as if Prophet Muhammad PBUH is saying "the arisiyoon are the closest to Islam; if you allow them to hear my message they will embrace. But if you deny them to hear this message, the group that will for sure convert, you will be responsible for them". And this of course is amazing simply because no Arab could have known about arisiyoon. And note, Peter the Venerable writes a refutation in the Quran. And in it he says 'Muhammad is the successor to Arias'. So he sees in Islam echos of Arias's theology. And of course the Islamic position that Isa AS is not divine or the son of God. So no doubt Arias thought similarly.

That was all about the various letters of Prophet Muhammad ï·º that were sent to diffrent heads of the states of that time.

Transcribed from the lecture of Sheikh Dr. Yasir Qadhi.

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